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Tickencephalitis is a viral infection that can reach the nervous system. It is transmitted by ticks and sometimes by contaminated unpasteurized dairy products. Does the vaccine treat an infection already underway? No, vaccination is preventive. The ECDC indicates the absence of specific antiviral treatment; neurological forms require appropriate hospital care. Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Powassan virus is transmitted mainly by ticks. Infection is uncommon but may cause encephalitis or meningitis. Do antibiotics used for tick infections treat Powassan? No: Powassan is a virus. Antibiotics do not treat this infection, and a serious form requires hospital support care. Virus Powassan
East equine encephalitis is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. It is rare but can cause serious neurological damage. Does the term "equine" reserve the disease to horses? No: This sheet concerns human infection. The CDC describes a transmission to humans by mosquitoes, without a preventive vaccine available to people. Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Japanese encephalitis is an infection transmitted by mosquitoes in some parts of Asia and the Western Pacific. Neurological forms require urgent care. Is there a curative antiviral medication? There is no specific curative antiviral described by WHO. Care supports vital functions; follow-up and rehabilitation may be necessary after a neurological form. Japanese encephalitis virus
Fascioliasis is a parasite in the liver and bile pathways, acquired in particular by contaminated raw aquatic plants, such as cress. Do all liver moats have the same treatment? No: several different parasites reach the liver or bile tracts. Their identification is important before choosing a drug. Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica
Period when an infection may not yet be detectable by the chosen test. A recent negative has limits.
Rift Valley fever is a viral zoonosis. Exposure to blood or organs of infected animals and mosquito bites can transmit infection. Does a mild illness exclude subsequent eye complication? No: WHO describes visual disorders that may occur after the first symptoms. Any loss of vision should be reported even after general improvement. Phlebovirus of the Rift Valley
Crimea-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral infection transmitted, inter alia, by ticks and by contact with infected blood or tissues. Is ribavirin a certain treatment of efficacy? WHO highlights uncertainties about its effectiveness and use. Early support care remains essential; a therapeutic decision is the responsibility of the specialized team. Crimea-Congo Orthonairovirus
Yellow fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. Vaccination and protection against injections are the main means of prevention. Is a mosquito net enough at night? No: Responsible mosquitoes sting day by day. Protection during daytime activities is still necessary, even with equipped accommodation. Yellow fever virus
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent severe illness. Does the absence of an early rash rule out the disease? No. A rash may appear only after several days of fever. Waiting for this sign before seeking medical advice can delay essential care. Rickettsia rickettsii
Recurrent tick fevers are due to some Borrelia. Fever episodes may alternate with periods of improvement. Are these Borrelia just Lyme disease? No: CDCs distinguish bacteria from recurrent fevers from Lyme fevers. The vector, location and clinical picture should be specified. Borrelia spp.
Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by mosquitoes. Parasites can damage the lymphatic system long before visible swelling occurs. Is the treatment of infection sufficient to remove lymphedema? The control of the parasite and the care of chronic lesions are complementary. WHO insists on sustainable access to lymphedema care; old swelling may require continuous management. Wuchereria bandrofti and Brugia spp.
"Flore of the organism" indicates a possible mechanism linked to organizations already present. This label is not a transmission between people. In particular, it helps to understand why an opportunistic infection does not read as a systematic external contagion.
Zoonotic avian influenza is a human infection with an influenza virus of animal origin. Exposure to infected animals or their environment is important in the assessment. Does "highly pathogenic" indicate the severity in humans directly? This classification describes the effects of the virus in poultry. It does not directly measure the severity of a human infection, which depends on several factors. Avian influenza virus
Histoplasmosis is acquired by inhalation of histoplasma spores present in the soil, especially when mixed with dejections of birds or bats. Can we pass it on to his loved ones or his animal? The CDC does not consider that histoplasmosis is transmitted between persons or between persons and domestic animals. Environmental exposure is the main context to be identified. Histoplasma spp.
Clostridioides can cause diarrhea and inflammation of the colon, especially during or after antibiotic treatment. Can we have a recurrence after treatment? Yes. A new diarrhea must be reported; it may have several causes and requires a reassessment. Clostridioides difficile
Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli, or STEC, can cause diarrhoea and hemolytic and uremic syndrome threatening the kidneys. Does any bacterial diarrhea need to be given an antibiotic? No: in STEC infections, CDCs do not recommend antibiotics because of the risk of hemolytic and uremic syndrome. The care must be medically guided. Escherichia coli STEC
Hantaviruses are carried by rodents. Depending on the virus and region, infection can mainly reach the lungs and heart, or kidneys. Are all hantaviruses transmitted between people? No. WHO describes a limited transmission for Andes virus in South America; it is not documented in the same way for European and Asian hantaviruses. Orthohantavirus spp.
Parvovirus B19 often causes mild infection, but pregnancy, certain blood disorders and immunodepression require special attention. Is any infection during pregnancy complicating? No: Complications are not systematic. Exposure or infection deserves an appropriate assessment, without turning a possible risk into certainty. Parvovirus B19
MRSA is a multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Propaganda without symptoms and active infection should be distinguished. Does Resistant mean impossible to treat? No: MRSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, not necessarily everyone. The laboratory and the professional choose the strategy adapted to infection. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to meticillin
The West Nile virus circulates between birds and mosquitoes. Human infection follows mainly a mosquito bite and often remains without symptoms. Does the vaccine used in horses protect humans? No. The WHO describes veterinary vaccines, but no vaccine available for humans in its form. Human prevention is based on reduced exposure to mosquitoes. West Nile virus
The Zika virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, but also during sexual intercourse or from the mother to the foetus. Pregnancy requires special attention. Does the absence of symptoms protect the baby? No: Congenital complications can follow a symptomatic or silent maternal infection. The absence of signs does not replace the assessment of exposure during pregnancy. Zika virus
Leptospirosis can be acquired by contact with water or urine-contaminated soil from infected animals. Does leptospirosis concern only rats? No. Several wild and domestic animals can carry bacteria. Indirect exposure by the medium is also significant. Leptospira spp.
Ebola virus disease is a serious infection. Transmission involves direct contact with infected biological fluids or contaminated material. Do vaccines protect against all Ebola diseases? The approved vaccines and treatments concern Ebola, without automatically covering diseases caused by the Sudan or Bundibugyo viruses. The authorities adapt the response to the identified virus. Orthoebolavirus spp.
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