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Hepatitis B can remain silent and become chronic. It affects the liver; symptoms alone do not allow to recognize it. Can a person without symptoms be infected? Yes. Screening is based on professionally interpreted analyses, particularly during pregnancy or after relevant exposure. Hepatitis B virus Hépatite B : trois marqueurs qui ne répondent pas à la même question. HBsAg, anti-HBs et anti-HBc total se lisent ensemble. Un résultat isolé ne suffit pas à distinguer vaccination, infection ancienne et infection actuelle.
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The main transmission of hepatitis C is through blood. It can evolve for a long time without visible signs. Does a positive antibody prove an active infection? No. A search for the virus is necessary to distinguish an active infection from a previous infection. A cure does not protect against a new infection. Hepatitis C virus Hépatite C : anticorps et ARN ne disent pas la même chose. Le dépistage des anticorps repère un contact possible avec le VHC. La recherche d’ARN précise si le virus est présent au moment du prélèvement.
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The hepatitis D virus needs hepatitis B virus to multiply. The combination of the two infections can speed up liver damage. Does the B vaccine treat hepatitis D already present? No: its role is preventive. An infection already installed requires a specialized evaluation and appropriate treatment options, without confusing vaccination with treatment. Hepatitis D virus
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Hepatitis E may be linked to contaminated water or, depending on the genotype, to insufficiently cooked animal feed. Is hepatitis E still linked to a trip? No. Infections can be acquired locally, including by certain foods of animal origin. Food history also counts. Hepatitis E virus
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Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is a chronic infection affecting the skin and peripheral nerves. Early treatment helps prevent disabilities. Does a handshake or shared meal transmit leprosy? WHO indicates that it is not transmitted through regular contacts such as shaking hands, sharing meals or sitting next door. The treatment interrupts the transmission. Mycobacterium leprae
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Ebola virus disease is a serious infection. Transmission involves direct contact with infected biological fluids or contaminated material. Do vaccines protect against all Ebola diseases? The approved vaccines and treatments concern Ebola, without automatically covering diseases caused by the Sudan or Bundibugyo viruses. The authorities adapt the response to the identified virus. Orthoebolavirus spp.
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Marburg virus disease is a serious infection associated with filoviruses. It can be transmitted by contact with the biological fluids of a sick person. Is an approved treatment or vaccine available? The WHO fact sheet consulted indicates the absence of an approved vaccine or antiviral against Marburg. Candidates are being studied; their development does not replace immediate care. Orthomarburgvirus marburgense
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Chagas' disease is due to Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection can remain silent and then cause heart or digestive complications long after exposure. Is the parasite injected by the triatom sting? The vector transmission described by WHO mainly involves the excretion of the insect contaminating an injured skin or mucous membrane. It should not be confused with the saliva transmission of the mosquito. Trypanosoma cruzi
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Lyme bcorliosis is transmitted by some infected ticks. Any bite does not result in infection. Should we take a blood test immediately after each injection? An immediate test does not exclude a recent infection. The need for examinations is determined according to the symptoms and medical assessment. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
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Melioidosis is an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, acquired from contaminated soil or water. It can affect the lungs or several organs. Should we just mention recent trips? No: CDCs sometimes describe a very long delay between exposure and symptoms. Former stays can therefore be useful for the evaluation. Burkholderia pseudomallei
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Invasive meningococcal infection can progress rapidly. Meningococcal disease is not the only cause of meningitis. Can we wait for an eruption before calling? No. Rapid alteration of the general condition, unconsciousness or suspicion of meningitis require urgent help; an eruption may be lacking. Neisseria meningitidis
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MERS is a respiratory infection with coronavirus linked, inter alia, to dromedaries and transmissions during close contacts, particularly in care. Is the risk only from the dromedaries? No: Communication between people has been documented, especially in close contacts and in care facilities. Prevention must take into account both contexts. MERS-CoV
Guide
A bite or scratch may lead to infection of the wound and may, depending on the animal and territory, require prophylaxis against rabies. The appearance of the animal and the smallness of the lesion are not enough to exclude the risk.
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Mucormycosis is a rare but serious fungal infection. Environmental molds can reach sinuses, lungs, or damaged skin. Is mucormycosis transmitted from one person to another? No, according to the CDC. Cases in an institution may be associated with a common environmental exposure; preventive measures must be adapted to the place of care. Mucorales
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Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection that can reach deep tissues and bones. It may be due to a bacterium or fungus. Is a mycetoma still a fungus? No: some mycetoms are bacterial. Antibiotics, antifungals and possible interventions have different indications, which require identification of the cause. Filamentous mushrooms or bacteria
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Nettoyer enlève salissures et une grande partie des micro-organismes ; désinfecter vise à inactiver ceux qui restent avec un produit prévu pour cet usage. À domicile, un nettoyage régulier suffit souvent. La désinfection répond à une situation précise et vient généralement après le nettoyage. Préparer, nettoyer, puis désinfecter si nécessaire. Le nettoyage enlève les salissures. Une désinfection a un objectif précis et dépend du produit, de la surface et du protocole. Elle ne doit pas devenir une étape automatique réalisée avec n’importe quel mélange.
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Mumps are a contagious viral infection affecting the salivary glands. Vaccination reduces the risk of illness and complications. Can a person transmit before his cheeks swell? Yes: CDC describes a infectiousness starting before swelling of the glands. Waiting for this sign to consider the contacts is therefore not enough. Urinary virus
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Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted mainly by infected Anopheles mosquitoes. What to do in front of a fever after a trip? Check quickly and report the stay, even after the return and even if a prevention has been taken. A fever is not enough to identify malaria. Plasmodium spp.
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Une tique fixée doit être retirée le plus rapidement possible, sans l’écraser ni appliquer de produit avant le retrait. La conduite utile associe extraction mécanique, désinfection, repérage de la date et surveillance de la peau et de l’état général. Décrire l’exposition sans conclure à une infection. L’espèce, le lieu et les circonstances ont un intérêt documentaire, mais une photographie ne dit pas si une tique porte un agent. Les espèces présentes varient selon les régions ; la photo américaine ci-dessous n’est pas un atlas des tiques européennes.
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Polio is a viral infection that can reach the nervous system and cause paralysis. Immunization remains essential to its prevention. Is there a cure that cures polio? There is no cure for polio. Vaccination prevention and management of the consequences of the disease have different roles. Poliovirus
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Psittacosis is an infection with Chlamydia psittaci, linked in particular to the inhalation of dust from secretions or dejections of birds. Is this disease only for parrots? No: several species of birds may be infected, including domestic birds and poultry. The nickname "parrot disease" does not limit relevant exposures. Chlamydia psittaci
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Rubella may be discreet, but infection during pregnancy may have serious consequences for the foetus. Are rubella and measles the same disease? No. They are due to different viruses and have distinct consequences and approaches despite some resemblances of eruption. Rubella virus
Definition
Organ dysfunction associated with a deregulated response to infection. It is a medical emergency.
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Comprendre le sepsis, les signes de dégradation pendant une infection, les personnes vulnérables et le recours urgent aux secours. Décrire une aggravation sans attendre un score. Le sepsis est une réaction à une infection qui entraîne une défaillance d’organes et peut menacer la vie. Une confusion nouvelle, une difficulté respiratoire ou une dégradation rapide justifient de solliciter les secours. En France : 15 ou 112.
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