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The West Nile virus circulates between birds and mosquitoes. Human infection follows mainly a mosquito bite and often remains without symptoms. Does the vaccine used in horses protect humans? No. The WHO describes veterinary vaccines, but no vaccine available for humans in its form. Human prevention is based on reduced exposure to mosquitoes. West Nile virus
Legionellosis is acquired by inhaling water aerosols contaminated with Legionella. It can cause pneumonia. Is drinking water the main mode of acquisition? Inhalation of contaminated aerosols is the usual route; suction can also occur. Inter-person transmission is not the common way. Legionella spp. Légionellose : identifier le dispositif qui produit des gouttelettes. Le mot « climatisation » est trop imprécis pour décrire une exposition. La question utile est de savoir si un dispositif utilise de l’eau susceptible d’être dispersée en fines gouttelettes.
Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is a chronic infection affecting the skin and peripheral nerves. Early treatment helps prevent disabilities. Does a handshake or shared meal transmit leprosy? WHO indicates that it is not transmitted through regular contacts such as shaking hands, sharing meals or sitting next door. The treatment interrupts the transmission. Mycobacterium leprae
Leptospirosis can be acquired by contact with water or urine-contaminated soil from infected animals. Does leptospirosis concern only rats? No. Several wild and domestic animals can carry bacteria. Indirect exposure by the medium is also significant. Leptospira spp.
Chagas' disease is due to Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection can remain silent and then cause heart or digestive complications long after exposure. Is the parasite injected by the triatom sting? The vector transmission described by WHO mainly involves the excretion of the insect contaminating an injured skin or mucous membrane. It should not be confused with the saliva transmission of the mosquito. Trypanosoma cruzi
Melioidosis is an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, acquired from contaminated soil or water. It can affect the lungs or several organs. Should we just mention recent trips? No: CDCs sometimes describe a very long delay between exposure and symptoms. Former stays can therefore be useful for the evaluation. Burkholderia pseudomallei
Aucune mesure isolée ne protège dans toutes les situations. Le niveau de prévention dépend du lieu, des heures d’activité des espèces présentes, du logement, de la durée d’exposition et de la situation individuelle. Organiser la protection à trois niveaux. Réduire les piqûres associe protection de la peau, aménagement du lieu et réduction des eaux stagnantes autour du logement. Le produit choisi doit convenir à la personne et être utilisé selon son étiquette.
mpox can cause painful skin or mucous membrane damage. It is not limited to sexual contact. Is the condom enough to prevent mpox? It does not cover all skin contacts or lesions elsewhere. Prevention depends on contact, symptoms and vaccine recommendations. Virus monkeypox
Mucormycosis is a rare but serious fungal infection. Environmental molds can reach sinuses, lungs, or damaged skin. Is mucormycosis transmitted from one person to another? No, according to the CDC. Cases in an institution may be associated with a common environmental exposure; preventive measures must be adapted to the place of care. Mucorales
Comprendre l’approche One Health, ses acteurs, ses signaux et ses applications pour les zoonoses, l’eau, l’alimentation et l’antibiorésistance. Suivre une alerte entre humains, animaux et milieux. One Health relie la santé des personnes, des animaux, des végétaux et des écosystèmes. Une alerte devient plus informative quand les secteurs décrivent ensemble les lieux, les dates et les méthodes de leurs observations.
Paragonimiasis is related to the ingestion of fresh water crustaceans containing Paragonimus parasites. It can cause chronic lung disease. Does a bloody cough confirm tuberculosis? No: several diseases can produce this sign. Food exposure and tests help to distinguish causes; it is not necessary to conclude alone that there is paragonimosis or tuberculosis. Paragonimus spp.
The directory brings together parasitic diseases associated with vectors, water, food, the environment or contact. Malaria, giardiasis and scabies do not follow the same path. Identifying exposure and agent is more useful than seeking universal protection against pests.
Pian is a bacterial treponematosis affecting skin, bones and cartilage. It mainly concerns children in certain tropical regions. Does a treponemic serology always distinguish pian and syphilis? No: the usual tests do not automatically distinguish them. The clinical and epidemiological context as well as the appropriate examinations are essential. Treponema pallidum pertenue
Une tique fixée doit être retirée le plus rapidement possible, sans l’écraser ni appliquer de produit avant le retrait. La conduite utile associe extraction mécanique, désinfection, repérage de la date et surveillance de la peau et de l’état général. Décrire l’exposition sans conclure à une infection. L’espèce, le lieu et les circonstances ont un intérêt documentaire, mais une photographie ne dit pas si une tique porte un agent. Les espèces présentes varient selon les régions ; la photo américaine ci-dessous n’est pas un atlas des tiques européennes.
Share of a population affected by a state at a specified time or period. It does not only count new cases.
Psittacosis is an infection with Chlamydia psittaci, linked in particular to the inhalation of dust from secretions or dejections of birds. Is this disease only for parrots? No: several species of birds may be infected, including domestic birds and poultry. The nickname "parrot disease" does not limit relevant exposures. Chlamydia psittaci
Rabies are transmitted mainly when the saliva of an infected mammal reaches a wound or mucous membrane. Does pre-travel vaccination exempt you from consulting? No. It does not remove the need for care after exposure. Do not wait for symptoms. Lyssavirus Une exposition ne se résume pas à une morsure visible. La fiche OMS distingue les contacts sur peau intacte, les égratignures sans saignement et les expositions plus profondes ou muqueuses. Décrire le contact exact aide le centre antirabique ; l’absence de saignement ne permet pas d’écarter une exposition.
Accéder à cette rubrique de BIOHAZARD PROTECTION. Danger, exposition et risque : trois niveaux de lecture. Repérer un agent ne suffit pas à caractériser une situation. Il faut aussi décrire comment une personne pourrait être exposée, puis examiner les mesures qui interrompent ce trajet.
The fact sheets in this section refer to exposures where blood or certain fluids may occur. The fluid, the inlet route and the skin integrity should be specified. HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C do not have the same opportunities for prevention.
Schistosomiase, or bilharziosis, is a parasite acquired when larvae pass through the skin infested with fresh water. It has intestinal and urogenital forms. Do you have to drink water to get infected? No: Larvae can penetrate directly through the skin when infested water is in contact. A swim or activity in the water is sufficient to constitute an exposure to be discussed. Schistosoma spp.
À domicile, le risque alimentaire se réduit surtout par une chaîne de gestes simples : garder propre, séparer le cru du prêt-à-manger, cuire suffisamment, maîtriser les températures et utiliser une eau et des matières premières sûres. Cinq contrôles pour organiser un repas. Les cinq clés de l’OMS associent propreté, séparation, cuisson, conservation et qualité de l’eau. Elles se vérifient à chaque étape du repas ; aucune clé ne compense automatiquement l’oubli des autres.
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection usually introduced by skin injury. Contaminated plants or, in some areas, infected cats may be involved. Are only the pink thorns transmitting this infection? No: other plants and materials may be involved, as well as scratches or secretions of infected cats. The exposure context should be described without assigning any scratches to this disease. Sporothrix spp.
Understanding the analysis of wastewater and media: sampling, trends, interpretation limits and articulation with health data.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral infection in young children. Oral lesions can make the drink painful and promote dehydration. Is the main concern still the extent of the eruption? A limited rash may be accompanied by very painful oral lesions. The ability to drink and hydration count as much as the appearance of the skin. Enterovirus, including coxsackievirus
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